Sanskrt aur Ibrānī Vedon ka sammilan: kyon?

Merī pichalī post arthāt lekh mein mainne Sanskrt Vedon mein Manu  ke vrtānt aur Ibrānī  Vedon mein Nūh  ke vrtānt ke madhy mein kaī samānataon ko dekha tha. Aur yah sammilan jal pralay ke vrtānt se bahut āge kī or chala jāta hai. Jaisa ki hamane dekha tha, Utpatti  nāmak Ibrānī  pustak mein die hue pratigyāt vanś aur samay ke uday hone ke sāth hī Purūśa kī pratigya ke madhy mein ek jaisa hī sammilan pāya jāta hai. Is tarah se ham kaise in sammilanon ko dekhate hain? Kya yah koī sanyog ke kāran hai? Kya koī vrtānt kisī any ke vrtānt ka upayog kar raha hai ya dūsare kī sāmagrī ko chorī kar ke likh raha hai? Yahān par main ek sujhāv ko prastut karata hūn.

Bābul ka gummat – jal pralay ke paśchāt ka vrtānt

Nūh ke vrtānt ke paśchāt, Ved Pustak  (Baibal) usake tīnon putron ke vanśajon ka ullekh karata chala jāta hai aur yah kahata hai ki, “Jal pralay ke paśchāt  Prthvī  bhar kī jātiyān inhīn mein se hokar bat gaīn.” (Utpatti 10:32). Sanskrt ke Ved sāth hī yah bhī ghośana karate hain ki Manu ke tīn putr the jinase sārī mānavajāti utpann huī. Parantu kaise Prthvī  par “phailane ka” yah kāry pragat hua?

Prāchīn Ibrānī  vrtānt Nūh ke in tīn putron ke vanśajon ke nām aur sūchī ka vivaran deta hai. Aap ise yahān par sampūrn sūchī ko padh sakate hain. Tab yah vrtānt yah vivaran dete chala jāta hai ki kaise in santānon ne Ilohīm ya Prajāpati  – Srśtikarta  ke diśa-nirdeśon kī avahelana kī, jisane unhen is ‘Prthvī  ko bhar dene’ ke lie ādeś diya tha (Utpatti 9:1). Parantu isakī apekśa ye log ek gummat ka nirmān karane ke lie ikatthe sāth rahane lage. Aap is vrtānt ko yahān par padh sakate hain. Yah vrtānt yah kahata hai ki yah ek aisa gummat tha ‘Jisakī chotī ākāś se bāten karatī thī’ (Utpatti  11:4). Isaka arth yah hua ki Nūh kī is pahalī santān ke dvāra gummat ke nirmān ka uddeśy Srśtikarta  kī upāsana karane kī apekśa Tāron aur Sūry, Chandrama, Grahon ādi kī pūja karane ka tha. Yah ek jānī-pahacānī sacchaī  hai ki Tāron kī pūja ka ārambh Mesopotāmiya mein hua tha (jahān par ye santānen rah rahī thīn) aur isake paśchāt  yah yahān se pūre Sansār  mein phail gaī. Dharm Sabdakoś Sandarbh Tāron kī ārādhana ke lie aise kahata hai:

Yah niśchit rūp se Mesopotāmiya mein Isa Pūrv Do śatābdiyon [10: i–īi ] pūrv aur kendrīy Amerika ke Māya ke madhy mein [9: v ] hua. Tāron-kī-ārādhana kadāchit prāgaitihāsik Uttarī Yūrop ke maha pāśan sambandhī khagolīy sthalon mein paī jātī thī [9: ī–īi; udaharan ke lie., Stonahannj arthāt ek mahāpāśān śilāvart] aur aise hī sthal Uttarī Amerika mein pae jāte hain [9: iv; udaharan ke lie., Big Hārn Medīsan Vhil] Mesopotāmiya se tāron kī ārādhana Yūnānī-Roman Sanskrti  mein ā gaī…

Is tarah se Srśtikarta  kī ārādhana karane kī apekśa, hamāre pūrvajon ne Tāron kī ārādhana kī. Phir yah vrtānt hatāś karane ke lie aise kahata hai tāki bhraśtāchār kī ārādhana aparivartanīy na ban jae, Srśtikarta  ne yah nirnay liya ki

Vah unakī bhāśa mein gadabadī dāl dega tāki vah ek dūsare ko samajh na saken. (Utpatti  11:7)

Jisake parināmasvarūp, Nūh kī is pahalī santān ne ek dūsare ko samajh na sakī aur is tarah se Srśtikarta  ne

Unhen vahān se sārī Prthvī  ke ūpar phaila diya (Utpatti  11:8)

Dūsare śabdon mein, ek bār jab ye log aur adhik āpas mein bāt na kar sake, to ve ek dūsare, apane navagathit bhāśaī samūhon mein bikhar gae, aur is prakār ve ‘phail’ gae. Yah vivaran deta hai ki kaise vibhinn logon ke samūh āj Sansār  mein ek dūsare se bahut hī bhinn bhāśa ko bolate hain, jabaki yah sabhī Mesopotāmiya mein apane mūl kendr mein se nikal kar (kabhī kabhī kaī pīdhiyon ke paśchāt ) aise sthānon mein phaile the jahān vah āj pae jāte hain. Is prakār unase sambandhit itihās is sthān se āge ek dūsare se bhinn ho jāta hai. Parantu pratyek bhāśaī samūh (jinhonne in pratham jātiyon gathan kiya) ka is sthān tak ek sāmāny itihās raha hai. Is sāmāny itihās mein Purūśa ke balidān ke dvāra mokś kī pratigya aur Manu (Nūh) ke jal pralay ka vrtānt sammilit hai. Sanskrt ke Rśiyon ne in vrtānton ko unake Vedon ke dvāra smaran kiya hai aur Ibrāniyon ne is jaisī hī ghatanaon ko unake Vedon (Rśi Mūsa kī torāh) ke dvāra smaran kiya hai.

Samay ke ārambh se – vibhinn jal pralayon ke vrtānton kī Gavāhī

Yah vrtānt in prārambhik Vedon ke madhy mein paī jāne vālī samānataon aur sammilanon ka varnan karata hai. Parantu kya is spaśtīkaran ke samarthan mein aur āge pramān pae jāte hain? Dilachasp bāt yah hai, ki jal pralay ke vrtānt ko keval prāchīn Ibrānī aur Sanskrt Vedon mein hī smaran nahin kiya gaya hai. Viśv bhar mein vibhinn logon ke samūhon ne unase sambandhit itihāson mein jal pralay ke vrtānt ko smaran kiya hai. Nimn chārt ise darśāta hai.

Flood accounts from cultures around the world compared to the flood account in the Bible
Sansār ke chāron or kī sanskrtiyon ke jal pralay kī Baibal mein pae jāne vāle jal pralay ke vrtānt ke sāth tulana

Chārt ke śīrś par yah vibhinn bhāśaon ke samūhon ko dikhāta hai jo Sansār mein chāron or – pratyek mahādvīp mein rahate hain. Chārt mein die hue kakś yah sūchit karate hain ki Ibrānī jal pralay ka vrtānt (chārt mein baen taraph nīche kī or sūchībaddh kiya hua hai) unake apane jal pralay ke vrtānt ko bhī nihit karata hai ya nahin. Kāle kakś sūchit karate hain ki yah varnan unake jal pralay ke vrtānt mein nahin pae jāte hain, jabaki kāle kakś yah sūchit karate hain ki yah varnan unake apane sthānīy vrtānt mein nahin pāya jāta hai. Aap dekh sakate hain ki lagabhag in sabhī samūhon mein kam se kam unake ‘smaran’ mein sāmāny ek bāt yah hai ki jal pralay Srśtikarta  kī or se ek nyāy ke rūp mein āya tha parantu yah ki kuch Manuśyon ko ek badī kiśtī mein bacha liya gaya tha. Dūsare śabdon mein, is jal pralay ka smaran na keval Sansār kī any sānskrtik itihāson aur mahādvīpon ko chodakar apitu Sanskrt apitu Ibrānī  Vedon mein bhī pāya jāta hai. Yah is ghatana kī or sanket karata hai ki yah hamāre sudūr atīt mein ghatit hua hai.

Hindī panchāng kī Gavāhī

Yah tab kī bāt hai jab mainne bhārat kī yātra kī aur isamen kāry kiya tab mujhe ek any samarthan dene vālī gavāhī ke prati pata lag gaya – parantu jab āp isake bāre mein jānenge to yah āpake lie aur bhī adhik ullekhanīy ban jaegī. Yah ek spaśtīkaran ko dene ke lie viśeś hai. Jab main Bhārat mein kāry kar raha tha to mainne kaī Hindī panchāngon ko dekha. Mainne dhyān diya ki ve paśchimī  panchāngon se bahut adhik bhinn the. Is spaśt sī dikhaī dene vālī bhinnata yah thī in panchāngon ka nirmān is tarah se hua hai tāki dinon ke stambh (ūpar se nīche) panktiyon (baen se daen) mein chalane kī apekśa nīche  kī or jaen, jo ki paśchim mein sanket chinh ke lie viśvavyāpī tarīka hai. Kuch panchāngon mein paśchātya ‘1, 2, 3…’ kī apekśa bhinn ank pae jāte hain kyonki ve Hindī lipi (१, २,  ३ …) ka upayog karate hain.

hindu-calendar-panchang
Hindī panchāng – mahīne ke din ūpar se nīche kī or āte hain, parantu ek saptāh 7-dinon ka hota hai

Main samajh sakata tha, aur mainne is tarah kī bhinnata kī apekśa bhī kī kyonki ek panchāng  ko sūchit  karane ke lie koī ek ‘sahī’ tarīka hai hī nahin. Parantu yah kendrīy sammilan kī bāt thī – in sabhī bhinnataon ke madhy mein – isane mere dhyān ko ākarśit kar liya. Hindī ke panchāng ne 7-din ke saptāh ka upayog kiya – thīk vaise hī jaise pāśchātya Sansār  mein kiya jāta hai. Kyon? Main samajh sakata tha ki kyon panchāng varśon aur mahīnon mein bāta hua tha thīk vaise hī jaise pāśchāty ke panchāng  mein hota hai kyonki yah Sūry ke chāron or Prthvī  aur Prthvī  ke chāron or Chandrama kī parikramaon ke ūpar ādhārit hote hain – is prakār sabhī logon ko viśvavyāpī khagolīy nīnv ko pradān karate hain. Parantu ‘saptāh’ ke lie koī bhī khagolīy samay ka ādhār nahin hai. Jab mainne logon ko pūcha to unhonne kaha ki yah pratha aur parampara ādhārit the jo unake itihās kī or le chala tī hai (kitanī dūr tak isaka kisī ko bhī pata nahin hai).

‘ur Bauddh Thaī panchāng

Mujhe sāth hī Thaīlaind mein rahane aur kāry karane ka avasar mila hai. Jab main vahān rahata tha to main unake panchāngon ko dekhata tha.

thai_lunar_calendar
Thaī panchāng baen se daīn or chalata hai, parantu paśchim kī apekśa ek bhinn varś ka hota hai, tathāpi 7-din ke saptāh ka hī hota hai

Ek Bauddh deś hone ke kāran, Thaī apane panchāng  ka ārambh Buddh ke jīvan se ārambh karate hain jis kāran unake varś sadaiv paśchim ke deśon ke panchāngon se 543 varś jyāda hote hain (udaharan ke lie., Isvī San 2013 ka arth Thaī panchāng  mein – Buddh yug ka – 2556 varś hua). Parantu ek bār phir se ve 7-din ke saptāh ka hī upayog karate the. Ise unhonne kahān se prāpt kiya? Kyon vibhinn deśon mein panchāng āpas mein kaī tarīkon se itanī adhik bhinnata rakhate hue bhī 7-din ke saptāh ke ūpar hī ādhārit hai jabaki is panchāng ke samay kī ikaī ka vāstav mein koī khagolīy ādhār nahin hai?

Saptāh ke ūpar Prāchīn Yūnāniyon ka Gavāhī

Hindī aur Thaī panchāngon kī in tippaniyon ne mujhe yah dekhane ke lie majabūr kar diya ki kya 7-din ka saptāh any Prāchīn Sanskrti yon mein bhī dikhaī deta hai ya nahin. Aur yah dikhaī deta hai.

Prāchīn Yūnānī Chikitsak Hippokrets, jo lagabhag 400 Isa Pūrv rahate the jinhen ādhunik chikitsa ka Pita māna jāta hai aur unhonne aisī pustakon ko likha hai, jisamen unakī chikitsīy tippaniyon kī rikording paī jātī hai ko, āj ke din tak sanrakśit rakha gaya hai. Aisa karane ke lie unhonne samay kī ikaī ko ‘saptāh’ ke rūp mein hī upayog kiya hai. Kisī ek niśchit bīmārī ke badhate hue lakśanon ke bāre mein unhonne aisa likha hai:

Chautha din sāntaven ka sanket karata hai; āthavān dūsare saptāh ka ārambh hai; aur is tarah se gyārahavān dūsare saptāh ka chautha, bhī sanketātmak hai; aur ek bār phir se, sātavān chaudaven se chautha, aur gyārahaven se sātavān hone ke kāran sanketātmak hai (Hippokrets, Sūktiyān. #24)

Arastū, 350 Isa Pūrv mein apane lekhan kāry mein nirantar samay ke bantavāre ke lie ‘saptāh’ ka upayog karata hai. Udāharan ke rūp mein vah likhata hai ki:

Siśukāl mein hone vālī mauton ka bahumat bacche ke ek saptāh kī umr mein hī pragat hote hai isalie is umr mein hī bacche ka nāmakaran karane kī parampara, is mānyata se paī jātī hai ki ab usake bachane ke avasar adhik uttam hain. (Arastu, Paśuon ka itihās. bhāg 12, 350 Isa Pūrv)

Is tarah se kahān se in Prāchīn Yūnānī lekhakon ne, jo Bhārat aur Thaīlaind se dūr the, ne is tarah se ek ‘saptāh’ ke vichār  ko pāya jisaka unhonne upayog yah apekśa karate hua kiya ki unake Yūnānī pāthak yah pahale se hī jānate hain ki ek saptāh kya hota hai? Kadāchit atīt mein in sabhī sanskrtiyon mein koī ek aitihāsik ghatana ghatit huī thī (yadyapi ho sakata hai ki ve ise bhūl gae honge) jisane 7-din ke saptāh kī sthāpana kī thī?

Ibrānī Ved is tarah kī ek ghatana – Sansār kī ārambhik srśti ka varnan karata hai. Is vistrt aur prāchīn vrtānt mein Srśtikarta Sansār kī rachna karata aur pahale logon ko 7 dinon (vāstav mein 6 dinon aur ek 7ven din ārām ke sāth) mein nirmit karata hai. Is kāran se, pratham mānavīy jode ne tab 7-din ke itihās ko apane panchāng mein samay kī ikaī ke rūp mein upayog kiya. Jab mānavajāti uttarottar kāl mein bhāśa kī gadabadī ke kāran bikhar gaī tab ye mukhy ghatanaen jo ‘bikharane’ se pahale ghatit huī thīn tab inamen se kuch vibhinn bhāśaī samūhon ke dvāra smaran rakha gaya, jisamen āne vāle balidān kī pratigya, ek vināśakārī jal pralay ka vrtānt aur sāth hī 7-din ka saptāh sammilit hain. Ye smrtiyān ārambhik mānavajāti kī kalākrtiyān aur in Vedon mein varnit in ghatanaon ke itihās ke lie ek vidhān hai. Yah spaśtīkaran niśchit rūp se Ibrānī  aur Sanskrt Vedon ke sammilan kī vyākhya ke lie sabase adhik spaśt aur sādhāran tarīka hai. Bahut se log āj in prāchīn rachnaon ko mātr paurānik kathaen mānate hue svīkār nahin karate hain parantu ye sammilan hamen is par punarvichār karane ke lie majabūr karana chāhie.

Is tarah se ārambhik mānavajāti ka ek sāmāny itihās tha, aur is itihās mein Srśtikarta kī or se mokś kī pratigya sammilit thī. Parantu kaise yah pratigya pūrn hogī? Ham apane adhyayan ko ek pavitr purūś ke vrtānt se āge badhaenge jo bhāśaon mein gadabadī ke kāran logon ke bikhar jāne ke turant paśchāt raha. Ham hamāre agale lekh mein.

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